Factores fisiológicos de rendimiento en los corredores de fondo
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Jan 1, 2022
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El atletismo, deporte universal que engloba carreras desde 5km hasta 42 km, han ganado en popularidad durante la última década, esto ha generado una demanda de información por parte de entrenadores y deportistas donde los factores que afectan el rendimiento en estos corredores, es uno de los temas más estudiados por la literatura científica y de manera particular los factores fisiológicos: consumo máximo de oxígeno, la economía de la carrera, tipos de fibras musculares, edad, sexo, fatiga y la genética. El objetivo de la presente revisión es describir los factores fisiológicos que afectan el rendimiento deportivo en corredores de fondo.
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Jiménez-Torres, D. (2022). Factores fisiológicos de rendimiento en los corredores de fondo. Ciencia Y Deporte, 7(1), 116 - 134. https://doi.org/10.34982/2223.1773.2022.V7.No1.009
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Atkinson, Q. D., Gray, R. D., & Drummond, A. J. (2009). Bayesian coalescent inference of major human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup expansions in Africa. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276(1655), 367–373. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0785
Barnes, K. R., & Kilding, A. E. (2015). Running economy: measurement, norms, and determining factors. Sports Medicine - Open 2015 1:1, 1(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40798-015-0007-Y
Beaver, W., Wasserman, K., & Whipp, B. (1986). A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 60(6), 2020–2027. https://doi.org/10.1152/JAPPL.1986.60.6.2020
Beltrami, F., Froyd, C., Mauger, A., Metcalfe, A., Marino, F., & Noakes, T. (2012). Conventional testing methods produce submaximal values of maximum oxygen consumption. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46 (1), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJSPORTS-2011-090306
Ben-Zaken, S., Meckel, Y., Nemet, D., Kassem, E., & Eliakim, A. (2021). Genetic Basis for the Dominance of Israeli Long-Distance Runners of Ethiopian Origin. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(7), 1885–1896. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002989
Billat, V. (2002). FISIOLOGÍA Y METODOLOGÍA D E L E N T R E N A M I E N T O. http://www.paidotribo.com
Caldas Zárate, R., Marino Isaza, F., & Valbuena Ruiz, L. H. (1991). Validación de un test de carrera sobre 3200 m. para la determinación del consumo máximo de oxígeno y de las fracciones aeróbica-anaeróbicas a concentraciones definidas de lactato plasmático en corredores de fondo.
Chamari, K., & Padulo, J. (2015). ‘Aerobic’ and ‘Anaerobic’ terms used in exercise physiology: a critical terminology reflection. Sports Medicine - Open 2015 1:1, 1(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40798-015-0012-1
Daniels, J., & Daniels, N. (1992). Running economy of elite male and elite female runners - PubMed. 24(4), 489. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1560747/
Garcia Avendaño, P., Flores Esteves, Z., Rodriguez Bermudes, A., Brito Navarro, P., & Peña Oliveros, R. (2008). Mujer y deporte. hacia la equidad e igualdad. http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1316-37012008000100004
García, M., & Llopis, R. (2010). Ideal democrático y bienestar personal. 270.
González-Mohíno Mayoralas, F., Jiménez Díaz, J. F., Juárez Santos-García, D., Barragán Castellanos, R., Yustres, I., & Ma González-Ravé, J. (2018). Running economy and performance. High and low intensity efforts during training and warm-up. A bibliographic review. Arch Med Deporte, 35(2), 108–116.
Grivas, G. (2020). Physiological predictors of distance runners’ performance: a narrative review. TRENDS IN SPORT SCIENCES, 27(3), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.23829/TSS.2020.27.3-1
Helgerud, J., Støren, Ø., & Hoff, J. (2009). Are there differences in running economy at different velocities for well-trained distance runners? European Journal of Applied Physiology 2009 108:6, 108(6), 1099–1105. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00421-009-1218-Z
Hunter, S. K., & Stevens, A. A. (2013). Sex differences in marathon running with advanced age: Physiology or participation? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45(1), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31826900f6
Latorre, R. P. Á., & Soto, H. V. (2000). Economía enla carrera de resistencia. Apunts. Medicina de l’Esport, 35(134), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1886-6581(00)75971-8
Maffulli, N., Margiotti, K., Longo, U., Loppini, M., Fazio, V., & Denaro, V. (2013). The genetics of sports injuries and athletic performance. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal, 3(3), 173–189. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24367777/?tool=EBI
McArdle, W., Katch, F., & Katch, V. (2015). El fundamento de la fisiología del ejercicio. Archivos de Medicina Del Deporte, 32(3), 169–176.
Medellín, J. P. (2012). Genetic Profile in Sport High Competition. Revista Digital: Actividad Física y Deporte, 107–117.
Mills, M., Yang, N., Weinberger, R., Vander Woude, D., Beggs, A., Easteal, S., & North, K. (2001). Differential expression of the actin-binding proteins, alpha-actinin-2 and -3, in different species: implications for the evolution of functional redundancy. Human Molecular Genetics, 10(13), 1335–1346. https://doi.org/10.1093/HMG/10.13.1335
Niño Hernández, C. A. (2012). Estimación Del Consumo Máximo De Oxígeno Mediante Pruebas De Ejercicio Maximales Y Submaximales. Movimiento Científico, 6(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.33881/2011-7191.mct.06102
Noakes, T., Myburgh, K., & Schall, R. (1990). Peak treadmill running velocity during the VO2 max test predicts running performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 8(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640419008732129
Ogueta-Alday, A., Rodríguez-Marroyo, J. A., & García-López, J. (2013). Variables antropométricas, fisiológicas y bimecáni- cas determinantes del rendimiento en corredores de media maratón. Biomecánica, 21(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.5821/sibb.v21i1.4667
Olympic Games Committees. (2021). Olympic Games - Organising Committees. https://olympics.com/ioc/olympic-games
Onywera, V., Scott, R., Boit, M., & Pitsiladis, Y. (2006). Demographic characteristics of elite Kenyan endurance runners. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(4), 415–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500189033
Orgueta-Alday, A., & García-lopez, J. (2016). Factores que afectan al rendimiento en carreras de fondo. RICYDE: Revista Internacional de Ciencias Del Deporte, 12(45), 308. https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde
Ortigosa, J. M. (2016). Tesis!! Factores Psicologicos Y Fisiologicos Asociados Al Rendimiento Deportivo. Tesis Doctoral Universidad de Málaga. file:///C:/Users/PC/Downloads/TD_ORTIGOSA_MARQUEZ_Jesus_Manuel (2).pdf
Padilla, S., DORMOIS, D., DENIS, C., & LACOUR, J. (1991). Capacidad aerobia y anaerobia en corredores de medio fondo. Relaciones con la marca de 1500 m en pista. Arch Med Deporte, 8(0030), 00141–00146.
Pitsiladis, Y., & Scott, R. (2005). Essay: The makings of the perfect athlete. Lancet (London, England), 366 Suppl(SUPPL. 1). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67828-2
Rivera, O., Ruiz-Barquín, R., & De la Vega, R. (2012). EL MODELO PARALELO DE PROCESAMIENTO Y LA PERCEPCIÓN DE. November, 1–2.
Roth, S. M., Rankinen, T., Hagberg, J. M., Loos, R. J. F., Pérusse, L., Sarzynski, M. A., Wolfarth, B., & Bouchard, C. (2012). Advances in exercise, fitness, and performance genomics in 2011. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44(5), 809–817. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31824f28b6
Ruiz Griman, D. J. (2014). VO2max, composición corporal y clasificación según el rendimiento en 10 km de corredores aficionados. Efdeportes. https://www.efdeportes.com/efd193/vo2max-rendimiento-en-10-km-de-corredores-aficionados.htm
Salguero, A., Fernández, P. M., & Martos Fernández, P. (2011). Educación Física y Deportes. 91–100.
Sanchis, C. (2015). Fibra muscular - International Endurance Group. https://g-se.com/fibra-muscular-bp-J57cfb26dbc0d7
Saw, A. E., Main, L. C., & Gastin, P. B. (2016). Monitoring the athlete training response: Subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(5), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094758
Scott, R., Fuku, N., Onywera, V., Boit, M., Wilson, R., Tanaka, M., H Goodwin, W., & Pitsiladis, Y. (2009). Mitochondrial haplogroups associated with elite Kenyan athlete status. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(1), 123–128. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0B013E31818313A2
Scott, R., & Pitsiladis, Y. (2007). Genotypes and distance running : clues from Africa. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 37(4–5), 424–427. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737040-00039
Scott, R., Wilson, R., Goodwin, W., Moran, C., Georgiades, E., Wolde, B., & YP, P. (2005). Mitochondrial DNA lineages of elite Ethiopian athletes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 140(3), 497–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CBPC.2004.11.014
Skinner, J. (2001). S p o rts Science Exchange DO GENES DETERMINE CHAMPIONS ? Genetics, 14(4).
Svedenhag, J., & Sjödin, B. (1994). Body-mass-modified running economy and step length in elite male middle-and long-distance runners. International journal of sports medicine, 15(06), 305-310.
Torres Navarro, V. (2017). Consumo de oxígeno, potencia, frecuencia cardiaca y economía de pedaleo en jóvenes ciclistas y triatletas. Researchgate.Net, April. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319906826
Tucker, R., & Collins, M. (2012). What makes champions? A review of the relative contribution of genes and training to sporting success. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(8), 555–561. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJSPORTS-2011-090548
Tucker, R., Dugas, J., & Fitzgerald, M. (2009). Runner’s world, the runner’s body : how the latest exercise science can help you run stronger, longer, and faster. 278.
Tucker, R., Santos-Concejero, J., & Collins, M. (2013). The genetic basis for elite running performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(9), 545–549. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJSPORTS-2013-092408
Urdampilleta, A., Martínez, J. M., & Cejuela, R. (2012). Indicadores del rendimiento deportivo: aspectos psicológicos, fisiológicos, bioquímicos y antropométricos. Efdeportes. https://www.efdeportes.com/efd173/indicadores-del-rendimiento-deportivo.htm
Vancini, R., Pesquero, J. B., Fachina, R. J., Dos, M., Andrade, S., Borin, J. P., Montagner, P. C., Andre Barbosa De Lira, C., & Barbosa De Lira, C. A. (2014). Genetic aspects of athletic performance: the African runners phenomenon. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 5, 127. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S61361
Verdugo, M. F. (2015). El proceso de maduración biológica y el rendimiento deportivo. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 86(6), 383–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RCHIPE.2015.10.003
Wang, G., Tanaka, M., Eynon, N., North, K. N., Williams, A. G., Collins, M., Moran, C. N., Britton, S. L., Fuku, N., Ashley, E. A., Klissouras, V., Lucia, A., Ahmetov, I. I., Geus, E. de, Alsayrafi, M., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2016). The Future of Genomic Research in Athletic Performance and Adaptation to Training. Medicine and Sport Science, 61, 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445241
Wilber, R., & Pitsiladis, Y. (2012). Kenyan and Ethiopian distance runners: what makes them so good? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 7(2), 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.7.2.92
Yang, N., MacArthur, D., Gulbin, J., Hahn, A., Beggs, A., Easteal, S., & North, K. (2003). ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. American Journal of Human Genetics, 73(3), 627–631. https://doi.org/10.1086/377590
Yang, N., MacArthur, D., Wolde, B., Onywera, V., Boit, M., Lau, S., Wilson, R., Scott, R., YP, P., & North, K. (2007). The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in East and West African athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(11), 1985–1988. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0B013E31814844C9
Atkinson, Q. D., Gray, R. D., & Drummond, A. J. (2009). Bayesian coalescent inference of major human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup expansions in Africa. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276(1655), 367–373. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0785
Barnes, K. R., & Kilding, A. E. (2015). Running economy: measurement, norms, and determining factors. Sports Medicine - Open 2015 1:1, 1(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40798-015-0007-Y
Beaver, W., Wasserman, K., & Whipp, B. (1986). A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 60(6), 2020–2027. https://doi.org/10.1152/JAPPL.1986.60.6.2020
Beltrami, F., Froyd, C., Mauger, A., Metcalfe, A., Marino, F., & Noakes, T. (2012). Conventional testing methods produce submaximal values of maximum oxygen consumption. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46 (1), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJSPORTS-2011-090306
Ben-Zaken, S., Meckel, Y., Nemet, D., Kassem, E., & Eliakim, A. (2021). Genetic Basis for the Dominance of Israeli Long-Distance Runners of Ethiopian Origin. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(7), 1885–1896. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002989
Billat, V. (2002). FISIOLOGÍA Y METODOLOGÍA D E L E N T R E N A M I E N T O. http://www.paidotribo.com
Caldas Zárate, R., Marino Isaza, F., & Valbuena Ruiz, L. H. (1991). Validación de un test de carrera sobre 3200 m. para la determinación del consumo máximo de oxígeno y de las fracciones aeróbica-anaeróbicas a concentraciones definidas de lactato plasmático en corredores de fondo.
Chamari, K., & Padulo, J. (2015). ‘Aerobic’ and ‘Anaerobic’ terms used in exercise physiology: a critical terminology reflection. Sports Medicine - Open 2015 1:1, 1(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40798-015-0012-1
Daniels, J., & Daniels, N. (1992). Running economy of elite male and elite female runners - PubMed. 24(4), 489. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1560747/
Garcia Avendaño, P., Flores Esteves, Z., Rodriguez Bermudes, A., Brito Navarro, P., & Peña Oliveros, R. (2008). Mujer y deporte. hacia la equidad e igualdad. http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1316-37012008000100004
García, M., & Llopis, R. (2010). Ideal democrático y bienestar personal. 270.
González-Mohíno Mayoralas, F., Jiménez Díaz, J. F., Juárez Santos-García, D., Barragán Castellanos, R., Yustres, I., & Ma González-Ravé, J. (2018). Running economy and performance. High and low intensity efforts during training and warm-up. A bibliographic review. Arch Med Deporte, 35(2), 108–116.
Grivas, G. (2020). Physiological predictors of distance runners’ performance: a narrative review. TRENDS IN SPORT SCIENCES, 27(3), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.23829/TSS.2020.27.3-1
Helgerud, J., Støren, Ø., & Hoff, J. (2009). Are there differences in running economy at different velocities for well-trained distance runners? European Journal of Applied Physiology 2009 108:6, 108(6), 1099–1105. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00421-009-1218-Z
Hunter, S. K., & Stevens, A. A. (2013). Sex differences in marathon running with advanced age: Physiology or participation? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45(1), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31826900f6
Latorre, R. P. Á., & Soto, H. V. (2000). Economía enla carrera de resistencia. Apunts. Medicina de l’Esport, 35(134), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1886-6581(00)75971-8
Maffulli, N., Margiotti, K., Longo, U., Loppini, M., Fazio, V., & Denaro, V. (2013). The genetics of sports injuries and athletic performance. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal, 3(3), 173–189. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24367777/?tool=EBI
McArdle, W., Katch, F., & Katch, V. (2015). El fundamento de la fisiología del ejercicio. Archivos de Medicina Del Deporte, 32(3), 169–176.
Medellín, J. P. (2012). Genetic Profile in Sport High Competition. Revista Digital: Actividad Física y Deporte, 107–117.
Mills, M., Yang, N., Weinberger, R., Vander Woude, D., Beggs, A., Easteal, S., & North, K. (2001). Differential expression of the actin-binding proteins, alpha-actinin-2 and -3, in different species: implications for the evolution of functional redundancy. Human Molecular Genetics, 10(13), 1335–1346. https://doi.org/10.1093/HMG/10.13.1335
Niño Hernández, C. A. (2012). Estimación Del Consumo Máximo De Oxígeno Mediante Pruebas De Ejercicio Maximales Y Submaximales. Movimiento Científico, 6(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.33881/2011-7191.mct.06102
Noakes, T., Myburgh, K., & Schall, R. (1990). Peak treadmill running velocity during the VO2 max test predicts running performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 8(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640419008732129
Ogueta-Alday, A., Rodríguez-Marroyo, J. A., & García-López, J. (2013). Variables antropométricas, fisiológicas y bimecáni- cas determinantes del rendimiento en corredores de media maratón. Biomecánica, 21(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.5821/sibb.v21i1.4667
Olympic Games Committees. (2021). Olympic Games - Organising Committees. https://olympics.com/ioc/olympic-games
Onywera, V., Scott, R., Boit, M., & Pitsiladis, Y. (2006). Demographic characteristics of elite Kenyan endurance runners. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(4), 415–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500189033
Orgueta-Alday, A., & García-lopez, J. (2016). Factores que afectan al rendimiento en carreras de fondo. RICYDE: Revista Internacional de Ciencias Del Deporte, 12(45), 308. https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde
Ortigosa, J. M. (2016). Tesis!! Factores Psicologicos Y Fisiologicos Asociados Al Rendimiento Deportivo. Tesis Doctoral Universidad de Málaga. file:///C:/Users/PC/Downloads/TD_ORTIGOSA_MARQUEZ_Jesus_Manuel (2).pdf
Padilla, S., DORMOIS, D., DENIS, C., & LACOUR, J. (1991). Capacidad aerobia y anaerobia en corredores de medio fondo. Relaciones con la marca de 1500 m en pista. Arch Med Deporte, 8(0030), 00141–00146.
Pitsiladis, Y., & Scott, R. (2005). Essay: The makings of the perfect athlete. Lancet (London, England), 366 Suppl(SUPPL. 1). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67828-2
Rivera, O., Ruiz-Barquín, R., & De la Vega, R. (2012). EL MODELO PARALELO DE PROCESAMIENTO Y LA PERCEPCIÓN DE. November, 1–2.
Roth, S. M., Rankinen, T., Hagberg, J. M., Loos, R. J. F., Pérusse, L., Sarzynski, M. A., Wolfarth, B., & Bouchard, C. (2012). Advances in exercise, fitness, and performance genomics in 2011. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44(5), 809–817. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31824f28b6
Ruiz Griman, D. J. (2014). VO2max, composición corporal y clasificación según el rendimiento en 10 km de corredores aficionados. Efdeportes. https://www.efdeportes.com/efd193/vo2max-rendimiento-en-10-km-de-corredores-aficionados.htm
Salguero, A., Fernández, P. M., & Martos Fernández, P. (2011). Educación Física y Deportes. 91–100.
Sanchis, C. (2015). Fibra muscular - International Endurance Group. https://g-se.com/fibra-muscular-bp-J57cfb26dbc0d7
Saw, A. E., Main, L. C., & Gastin, P. B. (2016). Monitoring the athlete training response: Subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(5), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094758
Scott, R., Fuku, N., Onywera, V., Boit, M., Wilson, R., Tanaka, M., H Goodwin, W., & Pitsiladis, Y. (2009). Mitochondrial haplogroups associated with elite Kenyan athlete status. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(1), 123–128. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0B013E31818313A2
Scott, R., & Pitsiladis, Y. (2007). Genotypes and distance running : clues from Africa. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 37(4–5), 424–427. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737040-00039
Scott, R., Wilson, R., Goodwin, W., Moran, C., Georgiades, E., Wolde, B., & YP, P. (2005). Mitochondrial DNA lineages of elite Ethiopian athletes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 140(3), 497–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CBPC.2004.11.014
Skinner, J. (2001). S p o rts Science Exchange DO GENES DETERMINE CHAMPIONS ? Genetics, 14(4).
Svedenhag, J., & Sjödin, B. (1994). Body-mass-modified running economy and step length in elite male middle-and long-distance runners. International journal of sports medicine, 15(06), 305-310.
Torres Navarro, V. (2017). Consumo de oxígeno, potencia, frecuencia cardiaca y economía de pedaleo en jóvenes ciclistas y triatletas. Researchgate.Net, April. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319906826
Tucker, R., & Collins, M. (2012). What makes champions? A review of the relative contribution of genes and training to sporting success. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(8), 555–561. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJSPORTS-2011-090548
Tucker, R., Dugas, J., & Fitzgerald, M. (2009). Runner’s world, the runner’s body : how the latest exercise science can help you run stronger, longer, and faster. 278.
Tucker, R., Santos-Concejero, J., & Collins, M. (2013). The genetic basis for elite running performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(9), 545–549. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJSPORTS-2013-092408
Urdampilleta, A., Martínez, J. M., & Cejuela, R. (2012). Indicadores del rendimiento deportivo: aspectos psicológicos, fisiológicos, bioquímicos y antropométricos. Efdeportes. https://www.efdeportes.com/efd173/indicadores-del-rendimiento-deportivo.htm
Vancini, R., Pesquero, J. B., Fachina, R. J., Dos, M., Andrade, S., Borin, J. P., Montagner, P. C., Andre Barbosa De Lira, C., & Barbosa De Lira, C. A. (2014). Genetic aspects of athletic performance: the African runners phenomenon. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 5, 127. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S61361
Verdugo, M. F. (2015). El proceso de maduración biológica y el rendimiento deportivo. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 86(6), 383–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RCHIPE.2015.10.003
Wang, G., Tanaka, M., Eynon, N., North, K. N., Williams, A. G., Collins, M., Moran, C. N., Britton, S. L., Fuku, N., Ashley, E. A., Klissouras, V., Lucia, A., Ahmetov, I. I., Geus, E. de, Alsayrafi, M., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2016). The Future of Genomic Research in Athletic Performance and Adaptation to Training. Medicine and Sport Science, 61, 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445241
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